supraliminal (soo"pra-lim'i-nal) [L. supra, above, on top, beyond, + limen, threshold]. 1. Above the threshold of consciousness; conscious. 2. Exceeding the stimulus threshold.

supralumbar (soo"pra-lum'bar) [" + lumbus, loin]. Above the lumbar region.

supramalleolar (soo"pra-ma-le'o-lar) [" + malleolus, little hammer]. Located above either malleolus.

surgery (sur'jer-e) [L. chirurgia]. 1. Branch of medicine dealing with manual and operative procedures for correction of deformities and defects, repair of injuries, and diagnosis and cure of certain diseases. SYN: chirurgery, chirurgia. 2. Surgeon's operating room. 3. Treatment or work performed by a surgeon. SYN: operation.
S., orthopedic. Surgery for correction of deformities and treatment of chronic joint diseases.

suspensory ligament. Any one of a number of ligaments that support a specific organ or structure. SEE: ligament.

sympatheticalgia (sim"pa-thet"i-kal'je-a) [" + algos, pain]. Pain in the cervical sympathetic ganglion.

sympathetic nervous system. A large part of the autonomic nervous system. It consists of ganglia, nerves, and plexuses that supply the involuntary muscles. Most of the nerves of the system are motor, but some as sensory.

sympatheticoparalytic (sim"pa-thet"i-kopar"a-lit'ik) [" + paralysis, a loosening at the sides]. Resulting from paralysis of the sympathetic nervous system.

sympatheticopathy (sim"pa-thet"i-kop'athe) [" + pathos, disease, suffering]. Any condition resulting from disorder of the sympathetic nervous system.

sympathicolytic (sim-path"i-ko-lit'ik) [" + lytikos, dissolving]. Interfering with, opposing, inhibiting, or destroying impulses from the sympathetic nervous system. SYN: sympatholytic.

sympathicomimetic (sim-path"i-ko-mimet'ik) [" + mimetikos, imitating]. Adrenergic. Producing effects resembling those resulting from stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as effects following the injection of epinephrine.

sympathiconeuritis (sim-path"i-ko-nu-r!' tis) [" + neuron, nerve, + itis, inflammation]. Inflammation of the sympathetic nerves.

sympathicopathy (sim-path"i-kop'ii-the) [" + pathos, disease, suffering]. Disease or disordered function due to malfunction of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathicotonia (sim-path"i-ko-to'ne-a) [" + tonos, act of stretching, tension]. Increased tonus of the sympathetic system with marked tendecy to vascular spasm and heightened blood pressure. Opposite of vagotonia. SYN: sympatheticotonia.

sympathicotripsy (sim-path"i-ko-trip'se) [" + tripsis, a crushing]. Crushing of the superior cervical

sympathicotropic (s[m-path"i-ko-trop'ik) [" + tropos, a turning]. Having a special affinity for the sympathetic nerve.

sympathicus (sim-path'i-kus). The sympathetic nervous system.

symphysis (sim'fi-sis) [Gr., growing together]. (pl.symphyses)1.A line of fusion between two bones that are separate in early development, as symphysis of mandible. 2. [NA] A form of synchondrosis in which the bones are separated by a disk of fibrocartilage, as in joints between bodies of vertebrae or between pubic bones. SEE: intervertebral disk.
s. cartilaginosa. Synchondroses.
s. ligamentosa. Syndesmoses.
s. pubis. The junction of the pubic bones on midline in front; the bony eminence under the pubic hair.
symptom (sim'tum, simp-) [Gr. Symptoma, occurrence]. Any perceptible change in the body or its functions that indicates disease or the kind or phases of disease. Symptoms may be classified as objective, subjective, cardinal, and sometimes as constitutional. However, another classification considers all symptoms as being subjective, with objective indications being called signs. Some of the symptoms affecting different parts follow:
BACK: The dorsal side of the body may reveal edema, deformities, irregularities of the spine, discolorations, eruptions, impaired motion, decubitus, or any condition affecting the skin. SEE: backache.

synapse (sin'aps) [Gr. synapsis, point of contact]. The point of junction between two neurons in a neural pathway, where the termination of the axon of one neuron comes into close proximity with the cell body or dendrites of another. At this point, where the relationship of the two neurons is one of contact only, the impulse traveling in the first neuron initiates an impulse in the second neuron. Synapses are polarized, i.e., the impulses pass in one direction only. They are susceptible to fatigue, offer a resistance to the passage of impulses, and are markedly susceptible to the effects of oxygen deficiency, anesthetics, and other agents, including therapeutic drugs and toxic chemicals.
s., axodendritic. Connection between an axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.
s., axodendrosomatic. Connection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites and body of another.
s., axosomatic. Connection between the axon of one neuron and the body of another.

synapsis (sin-ap'sis) [Gr., point of contact]. 1. Synapse. 2. The process of first maturation division in gametogenesis in which there is conjugation of pairs of homologous chromosomes forming double or bivalent chromosomes. In the resulting meiotic division, the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number. It is at this stage that crossing over occurs. RS: crossing over; meiosis; oogenesis; spermatogenesis.

synaptic. Pert. to a synapse or synapsis.
 
synarthrodia (sin"ar-thro'de-a) [Gr. syn, together,    +    arthron, joint,    +    eidos, form, shape]. Type of immovable cartilaginous joint without a joint cavity in which bones are separated by only a connective tissue membrane; a fixed articulation. SYN: synarthrosis. SEE: joint.
synarthrodial. Pert. to a synarthrosis.

synarthrophysis (sin"ar-thro-fi'sis) ["    + arthron, joint,    + physis, growth]. Progressive ankylosis of joints.
synarthrosis ["    +    arthron, joint,    +    osis, condition] (pl. synarthroses) A type of joint in which the skeletal elements are united by a continuous intervening substance (cartilage, fibrous tissue, or bone). Movement is absent or limited, and a joint cavity is lacking. It includes the synchondrosis, suture, and syndesmosis types of joints. SYN: synarthrodia.

syndrome (sin'drom) [Gr., a running together]. A group of symptoms and signs of disordered function related to one another by means of some anatomic, physiologic, or biochemical peculiarity. This definition does not include a precise cause of an illness but does provide a framework of reference for investigating it.
s., Marfan's. A hereditary synd characterized by disorders of connective tissue, bones, eyes, muscles, ligaments. - skeletal structures.

synosteology (sin"os-te-olog-je) [" + " + logos, word, reason]. The branch of medical science concerned with joints and articulation
 
synosteotomy (sin"os-te-ot'o-me) [" + osteon, bone,    +    tome, incision]. Dissection of joints.

synostosis (sin"os-to'sis) ["    +    "    +    osis, condition]. (pl. synostoses) 1. [NA] Articulation by osseous tissue of adjacent bones. 2. Union of separate bones by osseous tissue.
 
synostotic (sin"os-tot'ik) ["    +    "    +    osis, condition]. Concerning synostosis.

synovectomy (sin"o-vek'to-me) [L. synovia - joint fluid,    +    Gr. ektome, excision]. Excision of synovial membrane.

synovia (sin-ove-a) [L.]. [NA] A colorless visdcid, lubricating fluid of joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths secreted within synovial membranes. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts. SYN: synovial fluid.

synovial (sin-o've-al). Pert. to synovia, the lubricating fluid of the joints.

synovial bursa. A cavity in connective tissue between muscles, tendons, ligaments, and bones lined by a synovial membrane and containing synovia. SYN: bursa.

synovial crypt. Diverticulum of a synovial membrane of a joint.

synovial cyst. Accumulation of synovia in a bursa, synovial crypt, or sac of a synovial  hernia, causing a tumor.

synovial fluid. Clear lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane of a joint.

synovial folds. Smooth folds of synovial  membrane on inner surface of the joint capsule.

synovial hernia. Protrusion of a portion of synovial membrane through a tear in the stratum fibrosum of a joint capsule.

synovialis (si-no"ve-a'lis) [L.]. Synovial. synovial membrane. Membrane lining the capsule of a joint. SYN: synovium.

synovialoma (si-no"ve-a-lo'ma) [L. sync. joint fluid, + Gr. oma, tumor]. Synovioma.

synovial tendon sheaths. Sheaths that develop in osteofibrous canals through which. tendons pass. Each is a double-layered tube the space between the two layers being occupied by synovial fluid.

synovial villi. Slender avascular processes on the free surface of a synovial membrane projecting into the joint cavity.

Synovioma (sin"o-ve-o'ma) [L. synovia, jo.fluid,    +    Gr. oma, tumor]. A tumor arising .from a synovial membrane.

synoviparous (sin"o-vip'a-rus) ["    + Parere, to produce]. Forming synovia.

synovitis (sin"o-vi tis) ["    +    Gr. itis. inflammation]. Inflammation of a synovial membrane.
SYM: The joint is painful, much more so on motion, esp. at night. Swollen, tense;. may be fluctuating. In synovitis of the knee, patella is floated up from condyles, and it  can be readily depressed, to rise again when pressure is taken off. The part is never in full extension, as this increases the pain. Skin, which is very sensitive to pressure only at  certain points, is neither thickened nor reddened.
After a few days, when pain lessens and swelling diminishes as the effusion and extravasated blood are absorbed, the limb takes its natural position and recovery follows.
ETIOL: Simple inflammation may be the result of an aseptic wound, a subcutaneous injury (contusion or sprain), irritation produced by damaged cartilage, or exposure to cold and dampness.
s., chronic. Synovitis in which active congestion appears, but an undue amount of fluid remains in the cavity and the membrane itself is edematous. Later if disease does not subside, membrane and articular structures become irregularly thickened by plastic exudation and formation of fibrous tissue. Joint is weak but not esp. painful, except on pressure and sometimes not even then. Movements, esp. in extension, are restricted, and generally attended by some grating or creaking. Symptoms are well marked when there is great accumulation of liquid. Fluid, which is straw-colored, somewhat viscid, sometimes flocculent, and may or may not be blood stained, can be drawn off with the hypodermic needle.
S., dendritic.    Synovitis with villous growths developing in the sac.

syringomyelia (sir-in'go-mi-e'le-a) [" + myelos, marrow]. A chronic progressive disease of the spinal cord characterized by the development of cavities and gliosis of surrounding tissue. Usually begins before age of 30 and is more common among males than among females. Its cause is unknown.
 
syringomyelitis (sir-in"go-mi"e-li'tis) ["    + myelos, marrow, + itis, inflammation]. Inflammation coincident with abnormal dilation of the central canal of the spinal cord.

syringomyelocele (sir-in"go-mi"e1-o-sel) [" + " + kele, tumor, swelling]. A form of spina bifida in which the cavity of the projecting portion communicates with the central canal of the spinal cord.

syringomyelus (sir-in"go-mi'e1-us). Abnormal dilatation of the central canal of the spinal cord.

System (sis'tem) [Gr. systema, a composite whole]. 1. An organized grouping of related structures or parts. 2. A group of structures or organs related to each other and performing certain functions together, e.g., the digestive system. 3. A group of cells or aggregations of cells that perform a particular function such as the mononuclear phagocyte, cardiovascular, respiratory, and central nervous systems.
s., extrapyramidal motor. Functional system including all descending fibers arising in cortical and subcortical motor centers that reach the medulla and spinal cord by pathways other than recognized pyramidal tracts. The system is important in maintenance of equilibrium and muscle tone.
s., haversian. Architectural unit of bone consisting of a central tube (haversian canal) with alternate layers of intercellular material (matrix) surrounding it in concentric cylinders. Alternating layers of matrix and cells are called haversian lamellae.
s., Muscular. System that includes all the muscles (smooth, cardiac, striated, or skeletal) of the body. SEE: muscle.
S., Nervous. System that includes the brain, spinal cord, ganglia, and nerves.
s., osseous. The bony structures of the body; the skeleton. SEE: skeleton.
s., skeletal. The bony framework of the body. SEE: skeleton.
s., sympathetic nervous. The thoraco-lumbar or sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
s., vegetative nervous. S., autonomic nervous.

systemic (sis-tem'ik). Pert. to a whole body rather than to one of its parts; somatic.

systremma (sis-trem'a) [Gr. systremma, anything twisted together]. Cramp in calf of the leg, the muscles assuming form of a hard knot.